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First VW ID.4 electric car made at Chattanooga; mass production...

Spoiler: HEV's show lowest TCO

Latest DOE study conducted by Argonne Labs: https://publications.anl.gov/anlpubs/2021/05/167399.pdf

Summation (bold mine): "Comparing across powertrains, the HEV is the vehicle powertrain with the lowest cost of ownership over a 15-year span, at 44.6¢/mile. The ICE-SI, ICE-CI, FCEV, and PHEV50 all have costs around 48¢/mile. The BEV300 has the highest cost, at 51.8¢/mile, though the shorter-range BEV200 (not pictured) has a cost of 45.3¢/mile. The comparatively high costs for BEV300 come from assumed battery costs of $170/kWh in 2025 in the Autonomie model (Islam et al. 2020), though BEV would reach cost parity with HEV at a cost of $102/kWh. For all powertrains, the vehicle cost is the single most expensive cost over the 15-year analysis window. Maintenance and repair taken together is the second most expensive for all powertrain types except FCEV. For petroleum-fueled...