Hartle-Hawking State

Our laws of physics are based on the limitations of our perception. I believe there are physical conditions in our universe that we are unable to sense.

 

That was known before Hawking was ever born.

Both can happen, but they are not the only examples of electric currents. There are more, some of which can happen in a vacuum without any matter present.

 

Yes truly agreed with your opinion

 

Now how the heck does this happen:

 

Posts aren't counted in the off topics area.

 

thanks, i thought it was because we were in a vacuum...

 

looked like another j script hickup . I never suspected off topics aren't counted as posts.
I'll never catch up to @bisco post count now.

 

Back when they named "negative" and "positive" they thought something was coming from one side and going to the other but they had no way to measure it, so they guessed. Turns out they guessed wrong and the electrons come from the negative side, but by now nobody is going to change the names.

Oops.

 

batteries
depends of which way your thinking about them too. ways .. charging or discharging ... At least I hope there are only two ways of travel .....
I first thought about this when others would talk about IR (internal resistance) commonly, cause it made no sense to me from the charge side of the equation, as opposed to the discharge side of things, unless one read between the lines of what was being referred to. Still ? I hope someone has a better description than I do, cause I'm still

 

I’ve always wondered about that. Maybe they explained in high school (took vocational, included electrical class) but I never twigged to that. I figured the opposite lol.

So, the car body has a surplus of electrons, all itching to get to the positive terminal, how about that.

Q & A: Which way do the electrons flow in a battery. | Department of Physics | University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.

 

if you disconnect the 12v neg, and touch the pos to ground, nothing happens?

 

Shouldn't. You first though...

 

In a metal wire, it's the electrons flowing. They carry negative charge. The carriers of positive charge (protons) are tightly stuck in the nuclei of atoms, and metals have their atoms arranged in a pretty fixed latticey structure, so the protons aren't really going anywhere. But the lattice structure makes it pretty easy for an electron to hop along through it (the electron is attracted to the nucleus in its atom, sure, but it's nearly equally attracted to the nucleus in the next atom over, so it's a very easy hop).

That's just the story in metals though.

When current flows through some other substances, like a liquid electrolyte in a battery, other things can happen. At the electrodes, a molecule might split up into an ion with a net positive charge and another ion with net negative charge, and both of those can drift through the liquid, in opposite directions.

The conventional way we draw the arrow for "current flows this way" is it's the direction the positive ones are moving. The negative ones are drifting past those, moving the opposite way. The total current flow then is the sum of what positive carriers are doing (in the direction of their movement) plus what the negative carriers are doing (in the direction opposite their movement).

So the situation in a metal is just the edge case of that, where the positive charges aren't going anywhere, so that term is zero in the total current, and the term for negative charges in the opposite direction is what makes up the whole total.