Prius Prime 2017, charging phone inside middle console?

Sure. Plug in the phone and charger. Put the phone and cable in the console. Close the lid. As long as the cable isn't massively thick, it won't pinch it. But I much prefer having my phone in a holder on the dash so I can use the maps when needed.

 

Like @jerrymildred said. You can close the console lid with the cord extending to the 12v outlet. The USB cord can easily fit under the closed console lid, although it does get pinched a bit.

I actually use a 12v outlet extender like shown below connected to the 12v outlet in front of the console and place the body of the unit inside of the console box routing the cord under the lid. The hinged side gives you a little more space to feed the cord and still latch the lid shut closed.